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The word "Janus" comes from a god in Roman mythology who was described as having two faces facing opposite directions, one facing the past and the other facing the future. Therefore, "double-sided" materials refer to asymmetric materials with different structures or compositions on both sides. In a narrow sense, two-sided membranes usually refer to materials with opposite wettability on both sides, that is, one side of the material is hydrophilic and the other side is hydrophobic. This structure gives the material the property of unidirectional wetting, that is, droplets can be wetted from the hydrophobic layer to the hydrophilic layer, but cannot be transferred from the hydrophilic layer to the hydrophobic layer. Directional drainage can not only meet the wound exudate management function, but also has the advantages of different layer functional classification design, and has unique advantages in wound treatment. However, traditional dressings such as gauze and alginate are prone to make both sides of the dressing wet no matter which side the liquid contacts, and it is impossible to achieve unidirectional delivery of liquid.
The main point of this paper
Advantages of electrospinning technology:
Electrospinning technology is considered to be a promising method for preparing Janus structures due to its simplicity, wide range of material selection and strong structural controllability.
Performance of wound dressings:
Wound dressings prepared by electrospinning show good performance in promoting wound healing, which is attributed to their high porosity, small pore size, large surface area and microstructure.
High porosity and small pore size:
High porosity and small pore size ensure gas exchange and moisture permeability, while resisting the invasion of external pathogens and providing protection for the wound.
Large surface area:
The large surface area of nanofibers provides more growth sites for cells, promoting cell attachment and growth.
Imitating natural ECM:
The microstructure of electrospun nanofibers imitates the structure of protein fibrils in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural skin organs, providing a microenvironment for cell healing and tissue regeneration.
Drug carrier:
Electrospinning technology can be used as a drug carrier to load various bioactive and therapeutic drugs to improve wound healing efficiency and regeneration effect.
Research progress of Janus dressing:
This paper reviews the research progress of Janus dressing based on electrospinning technology, including advanced functions such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory/antioxidant, angiogenesis, stimulation response, wound monitoring, electrical stimulation and hemostasis.
Janus structure characteristics:
The Janus structure has unidirectional water transport properties due to asymmetric wettability, which helps manage moisture in wounds and promotes healing.
The design of this structure allows droplets to be wetted from the hydrophobic layer to the hydrophilic layer, but not in the opposite direction.
Electrospinning technology:
Electrospinning technology can flexibly control the thickness and pore size of nanofibers.
By selecting different wettability materials, the desired Janus dressing can be prepared in a highly controllable manner.
This technology has attracted attention due to its advantages such as simple equipment, low cost, and the ability to prepare continuous long-sized organic/inorganic composite nanofibers.
Functions of Janus dressings:
Combines multiple functions such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory/antioxidant, angiogenesis, stimuli response, wound monitoring, electrical stimulation and hemostasis.
The hydrophilic layer of the dressing is usually composed of polycaprolactone/gelatin nanofibers, while the hydrophobic layer is composed of Ag nanoparticle-doped polyvinylidene fluoride ordered fibers.
Applications of Janus dressings:
It can effectively manage wound exudate, reduce excess moisture on the wound surface, prevent excessive moisture and interfere with healing.
Promote wound healing, re-epithelialization and collagen formation.
Loaded with antimicrobial agents, it enhances antimicrobial properties against common pathogens and reduces the risk of infection.
Due to its unique fluid management ability, Janus membranes have received extensive attention and developed rapidly in medical dressings in recent years. Electrospun membranes have similar characteristics to the morphology of the skin outer membrane and are considered to be a promising dressing. Janus dressings prepared by electrospinning technology synergistically combine their respective advantages to produce many superior properties that cannot be achieved by traditional dressings. The electrospinning process can flexibly control the fiber diameter, membrane thickness and pores, which is conducive to the preparation of Janus membranes. This paper discusses the preparation of Janus wetting asymmetric structures based on electrospinning. Special attention is paid to the effects of membrane surface wettability, thickness and pores on water transport. In addition, the applications of Janus dressings in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory/antioxidant, angiogenesis, stimulus response, wound monitoring, electrical stimulation and hemostasis are introduced.
