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In the past few years, tissue engineering materials have experienced a significant expansion and have been widely used in various medical disciplines. These materials have a variety of uses in medicine, such as assisting wound healing, replacing blood vessels and heart valves, reconstructing pelvic organ prolapse and repairing abdominal wall hernias, promoting bone and nerve regeneration, and even as therapeutic agents in tumor treatment. Tissue engineering materials are available in many forms, including electrospun fibers, hydrogels, microspheres, liposomes, nanoparticles, etc.
The main point of this paper
Biomaterials and immune response:
Biomaterials can regulate local immune response, promote tissue healing and functional recovery, but exogenous materials often induce host immune response, leading to complications.
Complexity of the immune system:
The immune system includes innate immunity and adaptive immunity, involving a variety of immune cells and cytokines, such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, etc.
Interaction between biomaterials and the immune system:
After implantation, adhesion proteins form a protein layer on the surface of biomaterials, triggering the host immune response.
Immunomodulation needs:
The implantation site often shows abnormal immune response, and the material needs to play an immunomodulatory role to promote regeneration.
Immunoengineering strategy:
The goal is to control the interaction between biomaterials and host immune response, guide it to promote regeneration, prevent strong rejection and reduce potential inflammation.
Electrospun Nanofbers:
Electrospun Nanofbers stand out in immune engineering strategies due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity, ECM-like 3D structure, biocompatibility and drug loading capacity.
Immunomodulatory ability:
Electrospun Nanofbers can achieve immunomodulation through macrophage polarization and neutrophil aggregation.
Definition of immunoengineering:
Immunoengineering is an emerging field in regenerative medicine, focusing on optimizing the interaction between biomaterials and host tissues.
Goals of immunoengineering:
Regulate immune responses, reduce fibrosis and persistent inflammation, and promote tissue regeneration.
Application of electrospinning technology:
Electrospun Nanofbers have attracted attention for their extracellular matrix-like properties, high surface area to volume ratio, and drug synthesis capabilities.
Immunomodulatory ability of Electrospun Nanofbers:
Electrospun Nanofbers plays a key role in tissue engineering materials and has significant immunomodulatory ability.
Four major immunomodulatory strategies of Electrospun Nanofbers:
Surface modification, drug loading, physical and chemical parameter adjustment, and biografting
In general, biomaterials have a complex and inseparable connection with the immune system. The degree of activation of the immune system often determines the prospects of the disease and the fate of the biomaterial. Implanted foreign biomaterials trigger an immune response in the host. Well-designed biomaterials have the potential to modulate the immune microenvironment in a local environment. Among the various existing biomaterials, fibers made by electrospinning technology have the most potential in modulating local immunity. This is because they have excellent biocompatibility, high porosity, high surface-to-volume ratio, and stable drug release rate.
