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Whether from the perspective of the foundation or application of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering is one of the important research fields of regenerative medicine. It provides an important research platform for artificial tissues, organs, bionic materials, biomedical materials, etc. It has broad development prospects and is also an important applied discipline in the medical field. In particular, skin is the largest tissue in the human body. Due to its complex wound repair process and microenvironment, wound repair and regeneration have become one of the global problems.
The main point of this paper
Research direction:
The research on artificial skin and wound dressings is mainly divided into two directions: one is to synthesize biomaterials with biocompatibility, antibacterial activity and cell compatibility; the other is to simulate and create a suitable microenvironment, which is crucial for the wound repair process
Material exploration:
Gauze, sponges, hydrogels and nanofiber scaffolds are widely explored. Hydrogels are widely studied because their physical and chemical properties are similar to human tissues, while nanofiber scaffolds are similar to extracellular matrix due to their high porosity and high specific surface area
Importance of microenvironment:
The microenvironment plays an important role in wound repair and directly determines whether organ failure, tissue ulcers, inflammatory responses and other deteriorations occur
Microenvironment regulation technology:
Researchers have created acid-base regulating microenvironments, temperature regulating microenvironments and biofluid management microenvironments. For example, a microgel system was developed through hydrogels, which can respond to alkaline and acid environments and release or adsorb H+ in a humid microenvironment to promote the wound healing process
Biofiid management:
Biofiid management is increasingly valued, and it can effectively inhibit overhydration and secondary infection. Some attempts have been made to manage biofluids by constructing a gradient structure from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. This layered structure has asymmetric surface wettability, unidirectional water transport capacity, and self-pumping effect, which can effectively remove biofluids
Combination of hydrogels with nanofibers:
Despite the progress made, there are few reports on the combination of hydrogels and nanofibers, combining the advantages of both. Gradient hydrogel-loaded nanofiber scaffolds have fleshy characteristics and gradient structures, comparable to real skin, and have great application potential in artificial skin
Interdisciplinary cooperation:
Involving cross-disciplinary cooperation in materials science, medicine, biology and other disciplines.
Material properties:
Combining the advantages of nanofibers and hydrogels, it has fleshy characteristics, including appearance, texture and function similar to real skin.
It has excellent breathability, compatibility, good mechanical properties and antibacterial properties.
Structural advantages:
The hydrogel-loaded nanofiber structure forms an efficient transmission channel, which is conducive to the absorption and transmission of water.
Microenvironment establishment:
Establish a moist and favorable microenvironment to accelerate the wound healing process.
Technical combination:
Combining microfluidic electrospinning technology with reactive coating technology to achieve structurally controllable and uniform material design and manufacturing.
Aesthetics and function:
The hydrogel-loaded nanofiber fleshy artificial skin is comparable to real skin in terms of beauty, texture and function, providing new opportunities for skin regeneration.
In summary, we proposed a new concept and method of fleshy materials, namely, the preparation of fleshy artificial skin with cosmetic effects by using gradient hydrogel-loaded hydrophobic-hydrophilic nanofiber materials. This study not only created a new method for preparing fleshy skin, but also established a suitable microenvironment based on the efficient transmission channel of hydrophobic-hydrophilic nanofiber materials loaded by hydrogels. Therefore, the fleshy artificial skin has the advantages of both hydrogels and nanofibers, including excellent mechanical strength and air permeability, good adhesion, water absorption, antibacterial and compatibility. More importantly, with the inherent characteristics of hydrogels and the hydrophobic-hydrophilic structure of nanofibers, it has water absorption-transfer capabilities, which is beneficial for the management of biofluids and provides a moist microenvironment for the wound site. Therefore, these advantages make hydrogel-loaded nanofibers an ideal artificial skin with cosmetic effects and provide a favorable microenvironment for accelerating wound healing. At a more fundamental level, we proposed a microfluidic electrospinning coating method, which is conducive to the precise control of composition and uniform microstructure. This method can be flexibly applied to various types of fleshy hydrogel-loaded nanofibers, providing a practical way for further optimization and upgrading of artificial skin.
