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Encapsulation of bioactive compounds for the development of new technologies is a promising approach, especially in the context of advanced materials for biomedical, food, and industrial applications. However, one of the main challenges lies in ensuring that these bioactive compounds maintain their stability and efficacy over time. Factors such as degradation, loss of bioactivity, or interaction with the polymer encapsulation matrix can affect the bioactive properties. In addition, controlling the release of the bioactive to maintain its therapeutic or functional properties is another key hurdle to overcome. These difficulties make research in this field particularly complex, and new strategies are needed to protect and optimize the functionality of the encapsulated compounds.
Among the various technologies for encapsulating bioactive compounds, electrospinning stands out as a promising alternative. This technology enables the production of fibers with controllable diameters, ranging from nanometers to micrometers, with high surface area and porosity, which are ideal properties for efficient bioactive encapsulation. In addition, fibers produced by electrospinning have the advantage of gradually releasing the encapsulated compound, facilitating controlled release, which is essential for maintaining the bioactivity and stability of the material. This versatility, coupled with the ability to tune the fiber composition and release behavior, makes electrospinning a powerful tool for the development of advanced technologies for various applications, such as biomaterials and smart packaging.
The main point of this paper
Market Growth Forecast:
The cartilage regeneration market is expected to grow to $309.564 million by 2030, driven by factors such as the increase in road traffic accidents, osteoarthritis incidence, sports injuries, and high-cost surgeries
Technological Advances in Cartilage Regeneration:
Current major advances include the fabrication of engineered three-dimensional (3D) structures for cartilage regeneration, but designing site-specific regeneration scaffolds with different structural properties of native cartilage tissue remains a challenge
Application of Biomaterials:
Natural and synthetic biomaterials are widely used to design 3D structures, especially natural carbohydrate polymers with biocompatibility and biodegradability, which enhance their potential in cartilage defect regeneration and repair due to their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties.
Processing Technologies:
Various processing technologies, such as 3D printing, electrospinning, and electrospraying, are used for the fabrication of engineered 3D structures. These technologies can add growth factors, cells, or other bioactive materials to modify the morphology and microstructural properties of hydrogels to promote cartilage regeneration.
Electrospinning technology:
Electrospinning technology creates extremely fine fibers from polymer solutions under the action of an electric field, creating scaffolds with high surface area and customizable physical and mechanical properties, enhancing their cartilage tissue regeneration potential
Biologically compatible materials:
The addition of biocompatible and bioactive fillers can improve bone cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, and promote the formation of new bone tissue
Improved physical and mechanical properties for cartilage regeneration:
Research focuses on creating customized, durable 3D structures with appropriate mechanical properties, biocompatibility and degradation rates to increase cartilage regeneration potential
Patient-specific shape reconstruction:
The manufacture of 3D structures with the mechanical and cartilage properties of native tissues, promoting the compatibility and deposition of proteoglycans and collagen, is a new way to enhance the regeneration potential of cartilage tissue
Challenges in cartilage regeneration:
The limited regenerative capacity of cartilage restricts its basic functions, such as shock absorption and elasticity, and new regenerative strategies are needed.
Limitations of existing treatments:
Current treatments mainly relieve symptoms and cannot effectively promote cartilage regeneration.
Development of 3D structures:
The development of new 3D structures aims to mimic the characteristics of natural cartilage by using biocompatible materials, emphasizing function and stability.
Advances in manufacturing technology:
Technologies such as 3D printing and electrospinning have made progress in cartilage regeneration, but clinical translation is difficult.
Integration of manufacturing technologies:
The review emphasizes the importance of integrating different manufacturing technologies to create stable 3D structures.
Design and material selection:
Careful design and appropriate material selection are essential to achieve cartilage integration and durability
The current need to tailor the composition and mechanical properties of biomaterials to achieve effective cartilage tissue regeneration and repair has encouraged researchers to explore new avenues for the fabrication of engineered nanostructured devices using various 3D printing, electrospinning, and hybrid approaches. To date, these constructs have not been translated to the clinic and/or patients. Therefore, this review highlights various approaches to effectively and practically integrate different fabrication methods to create biomechanically stable 3D constructs through a deep understanding of materials, construct design, and cellular interactions. Ensuring seamless integration of repaired cartilage with surrounding tissue requires careful design and evaluation, including mechanical and biological factors. Furthermore, designing constructs for enhanced durability and long-term durability requires attention to material selection, mechanical properties, and post-implantation monitoring. Collectively, these efforts are expected to lead to significant progress in the development of effective and long-lasting solutions for cartilage regeneration, bringing hope to patients seeking relief from cartilage-related problems. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art approaches, challenges, and future prospects for designing nanostructured carbohydrate polymer 3D constructs for clinical applications, a promising avenue for cartilage regeneration.
