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Nanotechnology has experienced tremendous growth in recent decades, thanks to the emergence of unique properties brought about by large surface areas, quantum effects, and size reduction. Nanostructures can be broadly classified into 0D, 1D, and 2D, where 0D is dot-like materials, 1D is nanofibers (NFs), and 2D is thin films. Various methods, including thermally induced rapid phase separation, self-assembly, and stretching, can be used to fabricate nanoparticles, which have applications in addressing fine particle contamination, incorporating functional particles for surface applications, and managing thermal properties. Among the methods for preparing fibrous structures, electrospinning technology is the only method for preparing continuous structures. Its unique ability to simplify the manufacturing process, coupled with cost-effectiveness, makes it the most prominent method for practical applications and scalable manufacturing.
The main point of this paper
History of electrospinning technology:
The prototype of the electrospinning device was first made public in 1902, and Formhals obtained the first patent for electrospinning technology in 1934. It was not until the early 1990s that the technology regained attention with the development of electron microscopes and advanced characterization tools.
The first stage of electrospinning research:
The ability to electrospin various polymers into nanofibers (NFs) opened the first stage of electrospinning research.
Structural control and microstructure design:
Structural control has become a theme in electrospinning research, and a variety of microstructures for future design applications have emerged, such as ordered electrospinning, yarn manufacturing, and microstructure design.
Diversification of fiber shapes and functions:
The diversification of electrospinning devices has also diversified the shapes and functions of fibers, including Janus fibers, conductive fibers, magnetic and luminescent fibers, etc.
Preparation of chimeric Janus microfibers:
Researchers explored electrospun chimeric Janus microfibers composed of cellulose acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone, which were successfully prepared by specially designed spinnerets and showed better wettability and wetting properties.
Research Interests of Nanogenerators:
In recent years, great attention has been paid to the research of nanogenerators, aiming to utilize mechanical and thermal energy that is easily available in nature to meet the needs of future sustainable development technologies.
Macroscopic Performance of Nanogenerators:
The macroscopic performance of nanogenerators is affected by many aspects of surface and material properties at the nanoscale, and various surface and material manufacturing and preparation strategies are required to achieve the desired performance.
Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning:
Nanofibers prepared by electrospinning or spinning technology have shown good performance in the field of wearable electronic sensors.
Advantages of Electrospinning Wearable Devices:
Wearable devices prepared by electrospinning have designable breathability, stretchability, mechanical properties, and can be easily loaded with functional particles, achieving rich multifunctional designs and convenient wearable designs.
Application Fields of Electrospinning Nanogenerators:
This paper reviews the advantages of electrospinning in the preparation of nanogenerators, and focuses on the latest progress of electrospinning nanogenerators in the fields of sensors, biomedicine, agriculture, and air filtration.
Future development direction:
In the future, electrospinning nanoparticles can be prepared, and the ultra-high voltage characteristics of nanoparticles can be used to design electrospinning forms to achieve more efficient energy conversion and storage.
Electrospinning is widely used in the development of various textile-related technologies. Therefore, electrospun nanomaterials have received extensive attention in the fields of wearable energy harvesting and wearable self-powered sensing. At this time, wearable devices prepared by electrospinning have designable air permeability, stretchability and mechanical properties, and can be easily loaded with functional particles, so rich multifunctional designs and convenient wearable designs can be achieved. The excess mechanical energy of the human body is abundant under wearable conditions, so the energy conversion design will be very reasonable. In addition, when using electrospinning technology to prepare PENG, self-polarization design can also be effectively realized to avoid complex polarization processes. Based on the analysis of nanofibers and electrospinning characteristics, a series of excellent design schemes are derived. For example, wind energy is used to enhance the electrostatic adsorption of screens, anisotropic nanogenerators are manufactured by micro-contact design, and high-voltage self-powered electrospinning is designed using NGs. There are many problems in the preparation of electrospinning technology in the future, which deserves further development.
