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With the rapid development of science and technology and the increasing demands of society for quality of life and health, research on non-invasive medical technologies and materials has become increasingly central to the healthcare sector. Non-invasive medical technologies eliminate the need for traditional surgical procedures, reduce the risk of infection, speed up recovery, and provide gentler and less burdensome treatments for a variety of diseases. This has greatly improved the quality of life and treatment experience of patients. The selection and efficacy of non-invasive medical materials are crucial. Traditional materials often fail to meet the requirements of modern medicine for precision, biocompatibility, and versatility. The emergence of nanofiber materials provides a promising solution to this problem. Nanofibers are known for their tiny size, high surface area to volume ratio, and unique physicochemical properties, and they show great potential for application in areas such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. The main production technologies of nanofibers include stretching, deposition, self-assembly, and phase separation, but they are often hindered by complexity, low efficiency, and strict environmental requirements, limiting their widespread application. Therefore, electrospinning has become an important innovation in this field.
The main point of this paper
Technical advantages:
Provides a fast, controllable, economical and scalable production method, capable of manufacturing nanofibers with high surface area to volume ratio and small diameter, enhancing drug loading efficiency and efficacy.
Raw material versatility:
The materials that can be used for electrospinning include natural polymers, synthetic polymers and inorganic substances. By adjusting the formulation and process variables, nanofibers can be customized for specific applications.
Easy operation and continuous production:
Electrospinning is simple to operate and suitable for continuous production, which helps to reduce costs and improve efficiency, and meet the wide demand for high-performance nanomaterials in the medical field.
Non-invasive medical applications:
This review systematically reviews and analyzes the progress of electrospun nanofibers in non-invasive medical treatment, including human health diagnosis, personal protective equipment, thermal regulation and wound care.
Health-promoting effects:
Emphasizes the important role of electrospun nanofibers in promoting human health.
Advantages of electrospinning technology:
It can produce ultra-thin, flexible, and wearable nanofibers, which enhances the filtration capacity and breathability of masks and improves wearing comfort.
Performance characteristics of masks:
The super hydraulic performance, super filtration performance, air purity performance, and super antibacterial performance of masks are studied to enhance the protective effect of masks.
Application of smart devices:
The application of smart devices in masks is explored, such as disposable masks with breathing sensors, surgical masks with antibacterial functions, and 3D printed masks for highly polluted environments.
Material selection:
The focus is on the materials used in electrospinning technology, including synthetic polymer materials, natural polymer materials, and mixed polymer materials, with special mention of water-soluble and biodegradable synthetic polymer materials such as polylactic acid (PLA).
Environmental protection and sustainability:
The importance of using environmentally friendly materials, such as polylactic acid, is emphasized. These materials are derived from renewable resources and can be completely degraded by microorganisms after use, reducing environmental pollution.
Electrospun nanofibers have important application value in the field of non-implantable medical treatment due to their high specific surface area, excellent permeability and adjustable surface functionalization. This paper first compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two main electrospinning technologies based on the spinneret system, and then discusses the structural diversity of nanofibers and their respective application areas. This paper focuses on the main applications of electrospun nanofibers in the field of non-invasive medical treatment:
1. Wearable smart sensors: This paper discusses the application of nanofibers in smart sensor applications, which are divided into physical sensors and biosensors according to the type of signals they detect. Physical sensors use the mechanical properties of nanofibers to detect physical signals such as pressure and deformation, while biosensors use their high specific surface area and biocompatibility to sensitively detect biomolecules, thereby enabling the monitoring of physiologically active substances;
2. Personal protective equipment: This paper details the application of nanofibers in personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment is divided into face protection (masks), body protection (protective clothing) and hand protection (gloves) according to the protection area. The high porosity and high filtration efficiency of electrospun nanofibers make them very suitable for filtering airborne particles and liquid splashes, thereby improving the safety and comfort of PPE;
3. Temperature management: This paper divides temperature regulation applications into active and passive ones according to their regulation mechanisms. Active regulation uses smart response materials for dynamic temperature control, while passive regulation uses the insulating and breathable properties of nanofibers to maintain a stable thermal environment for the human body;
4. Wound dressings: This paper summarizes the application of nanofibers in wound care, emphasizes the versatility of nanofiber dressings in wound healing, and highlights their functional properties, including hemostasis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and promotion of cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
