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The size range of the structural components of nanomaterials is about 1 - 100 nm, and the small size effect, surface interface effect, quantum effect, and tunneling effect arising from this extremely small size give them various properties that are completely different from those of macroscopic materials (i.e., bulk materials). Among them, nanofibers (often called polymer nanofibers), as one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, are characterized by high aspect ratios, large specific surface areas, high surface free energies, high molecular chain orientations, high crystallinity, and good mechanical properties (including high modulus, high toughness, and high tensile strength). Nanofibers, as an outstanding representative of nanomaterials, have a wide range of applications in the fields of filtration, insulation, and noise reduction. Their preparation methods include stretching into fibers, template synthesis, self-assembly, microphase separation, electrospinning, and so on.
The main point of this paper
Technology development:
With the development of nanotechnology in the 1990s, electrospinning technology began to be applied on a large scale.
Operation methods:
Including needle spinning (single and multi-needle), needleless spinning and bubble spinning in various ways.
Process Flow:
Preparation of polymer solution, placed in a strong electric field to form a “Taylor cone”, charged jet injection, stretching and curing into Electrospun Nanofbers.
Nanofiber Membrane Characteristics:
Large specific surface area, small pore size, high porosity, lightweight, ultra-thin, flexible mechanical properties.
Application areas:
Filtration, energy, catalysis, environmental protection, clothing, tissue engineering, etc.
Morphology regulation:
Adjustable morphology of Electrospun Nanofbers, such as self-curling Electrospun Nanofibers, to improve flexibility, elasticity and spatial scalability.
Self-Curling Electrospun Nanofbers Applications:
Water conduction, insulation, and functional carriers, among others.
Electrospun Nanofbers Properties:
Electrospun Nanofbers have attracted much research attention for their high aspect ratio, high specific surface area, high molecular orientation, high crystallinity and excellent mechanical properties
Electrospinning technology advantages:
Electrospinning technology is highly controllable, versatile, low cost, easy to operate, and is an important method for the preparation of nanofibers and their thin films
Nanocomposites Preparation:
The mechanical strength and multifunctionality of nanofibers and their films can be improved by adding nanofillers such as ceramics, metals, carbon materials, etc. to the electrospinning polymer solution
Polyurethane (PU)-based Composite Electrospun Nanofbers Applications:
Polyurethane-based composite Electrospun Nanofbers have a wide range of applications in the fields of acoustic materials, biomedical materials (tissue-engineered implants, drug delivery systems, antimicrobial materials, hygienic materials, etc.), wearable sensor devices and energy harvesters, adsorbent materials, electromagnetic shielding materials, reinforcing materials, etc.
Electrospun Nanofbers in biomedical applications:
Cellulose Electrospun Nanofbers have applications in drug delivery, excipients, wound healing dressings, anticancer, antimicrobial and transdermal drug delivery, showing high drug retention efficiency and good biocompatibility.
Electrospun Nanofibers have applications in water treatment:
Electrospun Nanofbers adsorbents are a good choice for selective metal adsorption due to their high surface area, high porosity and high adsorption capacity.
Electrospun Nanofbers, as one of the most promising nanomaterials in the 21st century, have become a hotspot for research and development due to their many excellent properties, and electrostatic spinning is the main preparation method for Electrospun Nanofbers and Nanofiber Membrane. The combination of electrostatic spinning and nanocomposite technology can further improve the mechanical strength and multifunctionality of Electrospun Nanofbers and Nanofiber Membrane. This paper reviews the latest practical applications of pu-based Electrospun Nanofbers in the fields of acoustic absorbing materials, biomedical materials, wearable sensor devices and energy harvesting devices, adsorbent materials, electromagnetic shielding materials and reinforcing materials.
Although this review covers most of the important applications of Electrospun Nanofbers, there are still some potentially important future applications that have not yet been addressed. To the best of our knowledge, with the further improvement of Nanofiber Membrane properties, it can be used as electrolyte filtration membranes, surface soft feel materials, surface super black materials, etc.
