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In dental implants, guided bone regeneration (GBR) technology is a commonly used technology in bone tissue engineering to solve the problem of bone defects in the target implant area. The role of the GBR membrane is to prevent fibroblast ingrowth and maintain bone generation space to ensure uninterrupted bone development. The ideal GBR membrane should be able to transport blood and body fluids carrying nutrients and proteins from the outside of the membrane to the internal bone defect area. Therefore, the interaction between membrane thickness and permeability becomes a challenge. Inspired by the natural design of spider silk, Zou Duohong's team at the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine developed an innovative silk protein membrane, which is characterized by directional fluid transport by harmoniously combining a smooth dense layer with a rough loose layer; conical microchannels are designed in the smooth dense layer. Therefore, a double-layer membrane with conical microporous channels (CSMP-DSF membrane) is designed for in situ bone repair
Electrospinning technology plays an important role in the preparation of GBR membranes because it can produce nanofibrous materials with high specific surface area and high porosity, which are particularly important for bone tissue engineering. The high specific surface area of electrospun nanofibers is highly matched with the extracellular matrix, and it is easy to functionalize the surface, which provides a new idea for solving clinical problems in implant restoration.
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) technology is an effective treatment for insufficient bone mass in implant surgery. The ideal barrier membrane should have good biocompatibility, antibacterial properties and osteogenic properties. During the electrospinning process, the surface of electrospun nanofibers can be modified by plasma treatment, surface grafting wet chemical method, etc. to further improve osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity. In addition, growth factors, drugs, inorganic particles, enzymes and other bioactive substances can be loaded on the surface of nanofibers to improve the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of nanofibers, provide a more suitable microenvironment for cell growth and adjacent tissue integration, and thus meet the multi-level needs of GBR.
The CSMP-DSF membrane developed by Zou Duohong's team has a double-layer structure, consisting of a dense layer and a loose layer. The dense layer is produced by self-evaporation and interconnected by laser-drilled microporous channels. The dense layer provides robust mechanical properties to the bilayer membrane, and its smooth surface acts as a protective barrier to prevent non-osteoblast-related cells and bacteria from attaching near the bone defect. In contrast, the loose layer located closer to the bone defect promotes the attachment of osteoblast-related cells and degrades faster than the dense layer, thereby maximizing its osteogenic potential.
In the study of electrospinning/3D printing integrated porous scaffolds to guide oral tissue regeneration in beagles, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/fish collagen (FC) electrospun membrane (PFC) was combined with 3D printed PLGA/nanohydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold (PHA) to successfully prepare a biodegradable porous scaffold with a gradient structure. This structure provides an effective solution for the repair and functional reconstruction of large-sized soft and hard tissue defects.
In summary, electrospinning technology has important applications in the development of dental implants and GBR membranes. By combining silk fibroin membranes and 3D printing technology, innovative GBR membranes with excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility can be prepared, providing an effective solution for the repair of alveolar bone defects.
Electrospinning Nanofibers Article Source:
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202310697
