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Solid microspheres: low porosity, smooth surface, suitable for long-acting sustained-release injections, but there is a burst release phenomenon.
Double-layer microspheres: core-shell structure, the core is composed of one polymer, and the shell is wrapped by another polymer, which is used to reduce the burst release and improve the encapsulation rate.
Hollow microspheres: spherical shell, the interior is a cavity, suitable for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs, proteins, genes and other small molecules, and also used in gastric floating drug delivery systems.
Porous microspheres: high specific surface area, low density, high porosity, suitable for non-injection pulmonary inhalation preparations.
Solvent evaporation method: suitable for the preparation of solid microspheres and hollow microspheres, simple operation.
Phase separation method: suitable for the preparation of solid microspheres, the solubility of polymer materials is reduced by phase separation agents.
Spray drying method: suitable for mass production of microspheres, fast and simple operation.
Microfluidics: suitable for the preparation of double-layer microspheres, which are divided into micron-sized emulsion droplets by fluid intersection and shear force in microchannels.
Electrostatic spraying: suitable for the preparation of double-layer microspheres, which disperses droplets by applying an external electric field and Coulomb repulsion.
Long-acting sustained-release injections: improve patient compliance with medication and reduce the pain of frequent injections.
Arterial embolization: block the blood supply to the tumor and release anticancer drugs at the lesion site at the same time.
Double-layer microspheres: improve the problem of sudden release, realize combined medication, and play a synergistic therapeutic role.
Hollow microspheres: gastric floating drug delivery system, responsive release, such as pH-responsive magnetic composite hollow microspheres.
Porous microspheres: dry powder inhalation pulmonary administration, transdermal administration, tissue regeneration scaffolds, shorten the drug release stagnation period of solid microspheres.
Preparation of drug carriers: electrospinning technology can be used to prepare drug-loaded microspheres, directly encapsulating drugs in polymer nanofibers to form a core-shell structure. This structure can improve the encapsulation rate of drugs, control the drug release rate, and reduce the initial burst release of drugs
Drug release control: Electrospinning technology can prepare nanofibers with specific drug release characteristics. By adjusting the parameters in the electrospinning process, such as voltage, flow rate, distance, etc., the fiber morphology and drug release behavior can be controlled
Surface modification of microsphere preparations: Electrospinning technology can be used to form a polymer coating on the surface of microspheres. This coating can be a polymer with specific functions, such as PLGA (polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid) to improve the performance of microspheres, such as improving stability and controlling degradation rate
Microsphere preparations have received widespread attention in the field of medicine, and many products have been launched on the market, but there are still shortcomings, such as high burst release and mid-term drug release stagnation of solid microspheres, difficult quality control of double-layer microspheres, low encapsulation efficiency of hollow microspheres, and pore-forming agent residues of porous microspheres. Future research needs to solve these problems, improve encapsulation efficiency, optimize in vitro drug release behavior, exert in vivo therapeutic effects, and achieve industrialization. With the deepening of research, the preparation methods, quality evaluation and application research of microsphere preparations will be gradually improved.
